IT Applications and Groupware Essay

The three most significant things that an organization needs to do as such as to actualize the utilization of groupware frameworks viably begins with guaranteeing the coordinated effort of laborers in regards to the presentation of the innovation. This activity assists with making a picture of the necessary culture in their psyche. Further, it encourages the laborers to study one another and makes a feeling of regard among them. This methodology assists with breaking any adversarial societies in which they grew up whereby they may have been educated to fill in as people. This perspective makes the idea of narrow-mindedness among the laborers. Then again, guaranteeing laborer collaboration assists with making a sentiment of security concerning representatives offering help to the organization (Thierauf, 2001). This makes them to be joint proprietors of the organization, accordingly participating in executing the venture. The laborers are in this way not directed on what to do. Or maybe, the official encourages them to expel the impediments among themselves and take out their obstruction. A short time later, the retraining of the laborers about sharing happens. This assists with reproducing the demeanor of sharing which have been disposed of from the workers’ minds by the overarching condition. Such an endeavor starts with the acquaintance of training with singular people whereby they are told to fill in as people. Further, they discover that to share likens to cheating inside the school point of view. The representatives consequently will in general have a culture in them that abandons sharing. Such a culture calls for retraining. The idea of sharing encourages them to cooperate. Thus, this advancement benefits the organization as in every representative will be permitted to settle on their choices. The business along these lines holds the educated workers inside the organization. This gathering work likewise makes the yield of the organization to build more than singular yield. Such a result originates from the way that a gathering can achieve a greater number of assignments than a person whenever every individual is offered the chance to choose how to achieve an errand (Galliers, Markus and Newell, 2007). The individuals are consequently engaged to perform without anyone else. During preparing, the persuasive pioneers for the most part start right off the bat in helping the individuals to change and showing the individuals the significance of groupware. This endeavor advances each thought with respect to all open doors in the arranging of any specific preparing in the expectation that all the required clients are secured. Furthermore, it assists with making a consciousness of what will be anticipated from them when the gathering product framework will be actualized. This is on the grounds that the laborers recapture their trust in all individuals with whom they were some time ago instructed to be wary by their condition. It likewise offers every laborer a chance to contribute their methods in the business whereby the best are accused of the running of the organization (Khosrowpour, 2001). It likewise assists with ensuring that all the proposed individuals are reached and that the obstructions among them broken. This makes an air inside which every individual is commendable in the business and wherein their perspectives are consolidated into the running of the reason. In the wake of preparing, one should get ready for the development of the firm and be set up to ascend rapidly after the usage. This improves the mentality of the laborers since they get fulfillment from the work yield. Such an advancement advances and improves their working life. Subsequently, the exercises which they had learned in the preparation are enunciated in the creation procedure. This activity assists with measuring the consequences of the venture so one can know whether to offer the undertaking to other people if the outcomes are unmistakable (Khosrowpour, 2000). Further, he proprietors are encouraged to measure if the groupware framework is beneficial and if its profitability can be duplicated in other related firms.

Average education on workers and opening business time in Tel aviv Essay

Normal instruction on laborers and starting business time in Tel aviv - Essay Example Financial specialists ought to likewise enlist their organizations with charge authority where all the important subtleties of the organization ought to be given by filling structure number 4436. A corporate assessment ought to be paid to the Israel charge authority. Additionally, financial specialists ought to likewise know about the government disability commitment for their workers. The law expects businesses to retain some piece of their employee’s pay and submit it to the National Insurance Institute for reason for furnishing workers with a clinical spread. At last, financial specialists ought to know about the two kinds of motivations gave by the Israel government to empower speculators to be specific; declining corporate expense and venture impetuses (Ministry of Economy State In Israel, pp.1-3) The normal training on laborers is 83 percent among people between the age of 25 and 64 years who have achieved a likeness secondary school degree. Research shows that having decent instruction is a significant factor of finding a decent line of work in Israel. Research further shows that the nature of instruction score remained at a normal of 400 and ninety seven whereby normal young men perform not as much as young ladies by eleven (Publishing and OECD,

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week What Are You Most Looking Forward to About Business School

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week What Are You Most Looking Forward to About Business School Although quantifying a school’s profile certainly does not tell you everything, it can sometimes be helpful in simplifying the many differences between the various MBA programs. Each week, we bring you a chart to help you decide which of the schools’ strengths speak to you. We recently asked aspiring MBAs to answer a variety of survey questions about their business school prospects and perspectives. Now the results are in, and for those who are curious about their fellow applicants’ views on business school, we will be sharing some of the collected data in our B-School Chart of the Week blog series.   We heard from 94 MBA applicantsâ€"68 U.S. candidates and 26 internationalâ€"on the topic of “What are you most looking forward to about business school?” The most common responses we received could be organized into three general categories: “networking/making new friends and connections,” which accounted for the majority of responses both overall and among international candidates specifically; “learning and improving skills,” which was the most common among U.S. applicants; andâ€"not surprisingly, perhapsâ€"“career change or progression.” Despite the rather commonsense perception that business school is mainly about getting a new job or advancing your status in the career you already have, this latter category ranked third among the three, both overall and in each candidate group individually (discounting the “other” responses). In fact, only one international applicant (compared with ten U.S. ones) gave a response that fell into the “career change” category. Approximately 18% of the responses did not fit into any of the three top categories (“other”) and included comments such as “time off,” “global exposure,” “being able to participate in start-up competitions” and even “more free food at events.” Share ThisTweet B-School Charts

Essay about Things Fall Apart Literary Analysis - 662 Words

Things Fall Apart Analysis In Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe employs imagery, symbolism, and themes to reveal the story of Okonkwo. Throughout the novel he weaves in these things to really tell us the tale. With imagery, Achebe really is able to set the setting and the feel of the scene even deeper. The drums rose to a frenzy. The people surged forward. The young men who kept order flew around, waving their palm fronds. Old men nodded to the beat of the drums and remembered the days when they wrestled to its intoxicating rhythm. (Page 47) There is a lot of excitement here, everyone is really showing how they all enjoy the show. Achebe makes the mood a happy one and he even talks about the old men who used to fight as well, its†¦show more content†¦As soon as his father walked in, that night, Nwoye knew that Ikemefuna had been killed, and something seemed to give away inside him, like the snapping of a tightened bow.(page 61) The bow represents the tension that was final ly broken the moment that Nwoye realized the betrayal from his father. That was the breaking point for Nwoye, it was when he realized how much he did not want to be like his father, nor did he actually want anything to do with him or his culture and ways. The big thing that Achebe utilizes is the use of major themes.Nwoye did not fully understand. But he was happy to leave his father. (Page 152) Nwoye decides that leaving his father is him growing up and finally having his life. In his eyes, he has become a man and he finally is free of his demanding, terrorizing father. Okonkwo was very lucky in his daughters. He never stopped regreting that Ezinma was a girl. Throughout the book, Okonkwo makes sure the line between men and women is clear. He, like the rest in his culture believe that a woman is nothing compared to the males. There is a lot of gender inequality in the text. Even though he is proud of his daughter he would never dream of treating her as an equal or he would never l eave her anything as he would with the his male sons. Its sad to hear that regretted his daughter. Achebe tells us this story through examples of imagery, theme, and symbolism. He combines it all to tell us the story of Okonkwo and hisShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of Things Fall Apart Themes1246 Words   |  5 PagesLiterary Analysis of Things Fall Apart Themes Masculinity â€Å"Okonkwo ruled his household with a heavy hand. His wives, especially the youngest, lived in perpetual fear of his fiery temper† (Achebe 13). Okonkwo is the definition of hypermasculinity. As someone who condemns all things feminine, he never learned how to express his feelings, leading to him lashing out in violence instead. It is important to note his treatment of the women in his life as well. Okonkwo’s poor, often times abusive relationshipRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Okonkwos Things Fall Apart903 Words   |  4 PagesEA 3.2 Literary Analysis: character analysis Each individual have a different view on others culture that they have experienced as they come and go. Some may love the idea of a new civilization, meanwhile there are some who completely think the opposite. For one, Nwoye was someone who was different apart from the people in the village. He did not judge quickly like Okonkwo instead he observed and heard. As Nwoye became more attentive with the word the missionaries were sharing and went to churchRead MoreThings Fall Apart Literary Analysis Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesEA 3.2 Literary Analysis: character analysis Many people have their own culture, wouldn’t you agree? Some feel more strongly about their culture than others. Culture is something that is a large part in everyone’s life. It determines who you are and how you handle situations. When two cultures interact with each other and start mixing up, it results in something called a cultural collision. A cultural collision can be seen as a good thing or it can become something negative within both cultures.Read MoreLiterary Analysis of Things Fall Apart Essay778 Words   |  4 PagesIn Things Fall Apart the Igbo society is dominated by gender roles. Husbands beat their wives just for bringing food a few minutes late. Women are completely discriminated against. In fact, it is an insult to call a man an agbala (a woman). To men, women exist in a world in which they are to be seen not heard, coming and going, with mounds of foofoo, pots of water, market baskets, fetching kola, being scolded and beaten before they disappear behi nd the huts of their compound (Mezu 2). However,Read MoreFeminist Literary Analysis in Chinu Acebes Thing Falls Apart670 Words   |  3 Pagesparticular Things Fall Apart, by Achebe portrays Igbo Society and examines masculinity from an African perspective. Throughout the novel, women were voiceless and struggled against injustice; which is set in the era of the first wave feminism. As most are aware, this period of history highlights the inequalities between females and males. A topic that has been analyzed by Chinu Acebe, Levine Nett, J.Case Tompkins, and other feminist theorists. Thus, this paper argues that feminist literary theory isRead MoreThe Struggle Between Tradition and Change1056 Words   |  5 PagesENGL 2112 October 17, 2012 In Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the reader is taken on a literary journey to a Nigerian tribe, the Umuofia, to experience first-hand the struggles of a warrior named Okonkwo. At first glance, the novel appears to be written for a very specific audience: scholars familiar with Nigerian history, traditions, and culture. However, upon further examination the novel reveals itself to be a striking chronicle of human experiences, universal themes, and timelessRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1308 Words   |  6 PagesIn Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the reader is taken on a literary journey to a Nigerian tribe, the Umuofia, to experience first-hand the struggles of a warrior named Okonkwo. At first glance, the novel appears to be written for a very specific audience: scholars familiar with Nigerian history, traditions, and culture. However, upon further examination the novel reveals itself to be a striking chronicle of human experiences, universal themes, and timeles s struggles that appeal to every humanRead MoreChinua Achebe s Life Of Literature830 Words   |  4 Pagesworks of literature ranging from novels to journals. His work cuts across borders, making huge success and accepted globally in the world of literature. Even critics had to accept Chinua Achebe is the greatest our time, such was Charles H Rowell a literary critic issued in Callaloo a reputable magazine. There was no surprise when Chinua Achebe won the 1972 Commonwealth prize, he obviously deserved it, following his contribution to the world of literature. He has also been awarded an indefinite numberRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Comparison Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesfight can be seen throughout history books and literary classics such as Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury and Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe. In Fahrenheit 451, the main character, Guy Montag is fighting against the technological revolution taking place in the 23rd century. He battles with a society full of censors hip, where everyone is too caught up with their new gadgets to have meaningful conversations. Okwonko, the main character of Things Fall Apart, is also fighting a battle, a battle againstRead MoreChinua Achebe s Life Of Literature999 Words   |  4 Pagesworks of literature ranging from novels to journals. His work cuts across borders, making huge success and accepted globally in the world of literature. Even critics had to accept Chinua Achebe is the greatest our time, such was Charles H Rowell a literary critic issued in Callaloo a reputable magazine. There was no surprise when Chinua Achebe won the 1972 Commonwealth prize, he obviously deserved it, following his contribution to the world of literature. He has also been awarded an indefinite number

Brewer v. Williams Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact

Brewer v. Williams asked the Supreme Court to decide what constitutes a â€Å"waiver† of someone’s right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment.   Fast Facts: Brewer v. Williams Case Argued: October 4, 1976Decision Issued: March 23, 1977Petitioner: Lou V. Brewer, Warden of the Iowa State PenitentiaryRespondent: Robert Anthony WilliamsKey Questions: Did Williams waive his right to counsel when he spoke to the detectives and led them to the victims body?Majority Decision: Justices Brennan, Stewart, Marshall, Powell, and StevensDissenting: Justices Burger, White, Blackmun, and RehnquistRuling: The Supreme Court ruled that Williams Sixth Amendment right to counsel had been denied. Facts of the Case On December 24, 1968, a 10-year-old girl named Pamela Powers went missing from a YMCA in Des Moines, Iowa. Close to the time of her disappearance, someone matching the description of Robert Williams, a mental hospital escapee, was seen exiting the YMCA with something large wrapped in a blanket. The police began looking for Williams and found his abandoned car 160 miles from the site of the abduction. An arrest warrant was issued. On December 26, a lawyer contacted officers at the Des Moines police station. He notified them that Williams would turn himself in to the Davenport police. When Williams arrived at the police station, he was booked and read his Miranda warnings. Williams spoke to his attorney, Henry McKnight, over the phone. The Des Moines police chief and an officer on the case, Detective Leaming, were present for the phone call. McKnight told his client that Detective Leaming would transport him to Des Moines after he was arraigned. Police would not question him on the car ride. Williams was represented by a different attorney for his arraignment. Detective Leaming and another officer arrived in Davenport that afternoon. The attorney from Williams arraignment reiterated twice to Detective Leaming that he should not question Williams during the car ride. The attorney stressed that McKnight would be available when they returned to Des Moines for interrogation. During the car ride, Detective Leaming gave Williams what would later become known as the â€Å"Christian burial speech.† He explained that, based on current weather conditions, the girls body would be covered in snow and she would not be able to receive a proper Christian burial if they did not stop and locate her before reaching Des Moines. Williams led the detectives to the body of Pamela Powers. While on trial for first-degree murder, Williams’ attorney moved to have the statements Williams made to officers during the 160-mile car ride suppressed. The judge ruled against Williams’ counsel. The Iowa Supreme Court found that Williams had waived his right to counsel when he spoke to detectives during the car ride. The  U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Iowa granted a writ of  habeas corpus and found that Williams had been denied his Sixth Amendment right to counsel.  The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the District Court’s decision. Constitutional Issues Was Williams denied his Sixth Amendment right to Counsel? Did Williams unintentionally â€Å"waive† his right to counsel by speaking to officers without an attorney present? Arguments An attorney representing Williams argued that the officers deliberately separated Williams from his attorney and questioned him, even though they were fully aware that he had invoked his right to counsel. In fact, Williams and his attorney had stated that he would speak to officers with his attorney present in Des Moines. The State of Iowa argued that Williams was aware of his right to counsel and did not need to expressly waive it in the back seat of the car on the way to Des Moines. Williams had been made aware of his rights under Miranda v. Arizona and chose to voluntarily speak with officers anyway, the attorney argued. Majority Opinion Justice Potter Stewart delivered the 5-4 decision. The majority first concluded that Williams had been denied his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. Once adversarial proceedings against an individual begin, that individual has a right to have counsel present during interrogations, the majority found. Detective Leaming deliberately and designedly set out to elicit information from Williams just as surely as—and perhaps more effectively than—if he had formally interrogated him,† Justice Stewart wrote. Detective Leaming was fully aware that Williams had obtained counsel, and intentionally separated him from his attorneys for questioning, the majority found. During the car ride, Detective Leaming did not ask Williams if he wanted to relinquish his right to counsel and interrogated him anyway. The majority also found that Williams had not waived his right to counsel during the car ride. Justice Stewart wrote that waiver requires not merely comprehension, but relinquishment, and Williams consistent reliance upon the advice of counsel in dealing with the authorities refutes any suggestion that he waived that right. Justice Stewart, on behalf of the majority, acknowledged the pressure Detective Leaming and his superiors faced. That pressure, he wrote, should only reaffirm the importance of ensuring that constitutional rights are not ignored. Dissenting Opinions Chief Justice Burger dissented, arguing that Williams’ statements to detectives were voluntary because he had full knowledge of his right to remain silent and his right to an attorney. Chief Justice Burger wrote, â€Å"...it boggles the mind to suggest that Williams could not understand that leading police to the childs body would have other than the most serious consequences.† He further stated that the exclusionary rule, which suppresses illegally obtained evidence, should not be applied to â€Å"non-egregious police conduct.†Ã‚   Impact The Supreme Court remanded the case to lower courts for a second trial. At trial, the judge allowed the body of the girl into evidence, citing a footnote in Justice Stewart’s decision. While the statements Williams made to officers were inadmissible, the judge found, the body would have been discovered at a later date, regardless. A few years later, the Supreme Court again heard arguments on the case over the constitutionality of â€Å"inevitable discovery.† In Nix v. Williams (1984), the Court held that â€Å"inevitable discovery† is an exception to the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule. Source Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387 (1977).Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 (1984).Brewer v. Williams.  Oyez.org

Is The Root Of All Evil Essay - 1509 Words

Capitalism is the root of all injustice, a past instructor would remark to me periodically thought out the semester. The past instructor was a woman who was a professor of political science and a supporter of my endeavors in environmental policy, and a feminist. I mention this because it is contrary to the ideas of Dave van Pattern who suggests in his piece that those who study sociology believe men are the root of all evil. Pattern was a political science graduate, and I myself as a political science major understood where his earlier beliefs about men s rights came from and I also applaud his later transition away from the previous notions of masculinity. Furthermore, my feminism was built up by largely female professors in my courses ranging from Environmental Science, Anthropology, Ethics, Political Theory, and now Communication Studies 360. However, I am troubled by the statistics stated within some of the articles and texts such as the Backlash article that presented data of ho w women are not equal and do not have it all. In Roxanne Gay s piece, In truth, feminism is flawed because it is a movement powered by people and people are inherently flawed. The notion of not having it all, troubles me because if people seek to be liberated from oppression but their values and aims are to have it all than the movements for gender equality are not a means in itself but a means to an end. In other words, instrumental value is the goal not intrinsic value which isShow MoreRelatedRacism: The Root Of All Evil1022 Words   |  5 Pagesstrategies do not favor any of the parties; on the contrary they enhance violence against the immigrants. Furthermore, there exists social tension between Americans and Mexicans and even Latin-Americans, which have a direct impact on the economy of all of the corresponding countries. As much as the immigration situation in the U.S. affects the economy of many countries, it directly affects the personal life of many families, not only in the economic aspects, but in the conformation of the familyRead MoreEssay on Racism: The Root of All Evil1375 Words   |  6 Pageswithin our society. For example, in New York City the NYPD stopped 80% of blacks and Latinos and 85% of them were frisked by the officers. When whites were stopped only 8% of them were frisked. (Quigley 2011). Not only are Americans affected, but all around the world – racism constantly rears its ugly head. A global example of racism can be found in South Africa, specifically Capetown, Mitchell’s Plain, and Johannesburg. In these cities and neighboring ones near them, have 3 races that dominateRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms The Root Of All Evil1180 Words   |  5 Pages Are genetically modified organisms the root of all evil in the nutrition of our society? Essentially, not at all, GMOS are modified to enhance the original organism by manipulating the genetic code to produce a different outcome. Genetically modified organisms were developed all the way back to the prehistoric times when people were genetically modifying their food without realizing it . Our ancestors didn’t have an idea what genetics were but they did have an idea of artificial selection or selectiveRead MoreMoney is the Root of All Evil- Monetary Issues Leads to Crime and Deviance929 Words   |  4 PagesMONEY IS THE ROOT OF ALL EVIL Although money is good at times, it is basically the root of all evil. I think it would be better to say that the root of all evil is not money itself but people’s desire for money, which they could use to improve their own status, either greed to increase one’s status, or jealousy over losing in the status game to others. The Bible does not say that money is bad. What it does say is that it is the love of money is the root of all evil. Over time money has shapedRead MoreAnalysis Of Theodore Roethke Root Cellar1208 Words   |  5 PagesIn Theodore Roethke â€Å"Root Cellar†, there is a heavy use of vivid and stylistic imagery. In the first line, the speaker states, Nothing would sleep in that cellar, dank as a ditch. We are given that something is refusing to sleep--that is, to die--and at the same time being dank gets us thinking about things that are â€Å"undead†. In line two, the speaker states, â€Å"Bulbs broke out of boxes hunting for chinks in the dark.† This tells us that things are still growing and they are looking for the lightRead More Essay on Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Evil Exposed in The Pardoners Tale1093 Words   |  5 PagesThe Root of Evil Exposed in The Pardoners Tale    The root of all evil is money.   Because this phrase has been repeated so many times throughout history, one can fail to realize the truth in this timeless statement.   Whether applied to the corrupt clergy of Geoffrey Chaucers time, selling indulgences, or the corrupt televangelists of today, auctioning off salvation to those who can afford it, this truth never seems to lose its validity.   In Chaucers famous work TheRead MoreThere Is A Reason Why God Allows Evil1016 Words   |  5 PagesIn John Hick’s piece â€Å"There is a Reason Why God Allows Evil†, he explains his view on the roots of evil. Hick brings up the problem of an all-loving God that allows evil to occur in the world. The conclusion that arises God must not be all loving then. However, Hick explains that humans free will is the problem that leads to evil. A few strengths that Hick has in his argument is the laws of nature, he mentions that they â€Å"†¦would have to be extremely flexible; sometimes gravity would operate, sometimesRead MoreDisgrace, By David Lurie955 Words   |  4 Pages Evil can be defined as being â€Å"profoundly immoral and wicked† (Oxford Dictionaries, 2017). In my texts, evil is displayed in many forms. In Disgrace, David Lurie s evil is caused by his distorted viewpoints and in The No.1 Ladies Detective Agency, all three cases are as a result of poverty. In The Bell Jar, Esther s evil suicidal attempts are caused by her narcissistic insanity; in The Crow, evil is an offset of Eric s traumatic experience and need for revenge; and in Fargo, evil arises asRead MoreThe Book On Evil By Thomas Aquinas1264 Words   |  6 Pagesthe book â€Å"On Evil†, by Thomas Aquinas, the topic of evil is believed to be a broad subject that cannot be stated in one opinion, but a variety. Aquinas goes on with the idea that evil is not a result of God and cannot be considered as an entity. Aquinas also believes that God, who is perfectly good, is the creator of all things and that God cannot be thought of as causing sin and suffering. In this paper, I will argue against Aquinas’ views on why God is not the cause of evil, why evil is not an ent ityRead More The Illusion of the Good Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe Illusion of the Good ABSTRACT: The question of ethics relates to the good and its contrary, evil. What ethics does with its object is to seek to understand it, that is, not to produce either the concept of the good or the actions that fall under that concept. Thus, the question that follows is: What is the good?, or strictly speaking, what is the definition of the good? But the definition asked for, as any other definition, is necessarily related to the science of language. But language

Strategy Development Innovation Orientation and Organisational Perfor

Question: Discuss about theStrategy Development for Innovation Orientation and Organisational Performance. Answer: Introduction Strategy development involves all the companys attempts to come up with ways of gaining a competitive edge over its competitors. It involves the attempts of the company to be more profitable and gain more customers in the market. According to Jose (2010), these strategies can be used by the company to boost revenue and maximize its shares in the market, gain economies of scale and gain a larger market coverage. Many companies have developed competitive strategies. The most common strategies used by the companies fall in the Adaptation, Aggregation and arbitrage framework (AAA) (Kluyver, 2010). This framework gives the companies ways of gaining economies of scale, managing variations within its operating borders and exploitation of the weaknesses of their competitors to outdo them in the market. According to Ghemawat (2011), adaptation strategy has been used by companies to boost their capital and increase their relevance in both global and local market. Such strategies may include; developing local branches and coming up with local sections in the world market. The aggregation strategies on the other hand are all the attempts of a company to gain economies of scale, through the creation of regionally or globally recognized operations. This has been achieved by most companies by such activities like; grouping of production procedures and standardization of production (Ghemawat, 2011). Lastly, some companies also use the arbitrage techniques to exploit the market. This helps the companies to locate different parts of the supply chain in the various regions. It is important to note that most businesses tend to combine these strategies in order to gain a faster competitive advantage (Javernick, 2010). However using the three strategies together poses an enormous leverage challenge as the companies may not have enough resources, manpower or technical knowledge to execute all the strategies at once (Ju, 2011). When a corporation combines two of the three strategies, it develops an AA model. This can be in the form of Adaptation and aggregation, and Aggregation and Arbitrage. Combining the two strategies has several advantages to the company. Some of these benefits include; the company will be able to beat its competitors in more than one dimensions at once, and the last advantage is that the tension of the managers between the two strategies will be better than that of the competitors. The combination of these strategies is vital to the manager as it will force the managers to do more work than just allocation and monitoring of duties. It will also force the managers to utilize fully the soft and hard integrative equipment. The managers will also be necessitated to integrate both algorithmic and structural strategies, in order to execute the two strategies at once (Rasha, 2013). These strategies have been used by several companies in the computer industry, information communication and technology industry, pharmaceutical industry, food and beverage industry and steel industry. In the pharmaceutical industry, its use can be explained by examining the case of Procter and Gamble Company (PG). The PG Company has used the adaptation strategy through setting up of several mini branches in different countries. The PG Company started manufacturing its product called Vicks cough syrup with honey for lower and middle-income earners in Mexico. The product then gained popularity, and the company went to other Latin American countries including Brazil. It then rebranded its product to Vicks Castro and developed a branch in California and Texas where it was sold. The trend in this companys case has grown making it expand its market and branches. It has developed branches in several countries like Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Switzerland. This has enabled the company to gain more market and hence gain a competitive advantage, given that its product is a natural one, given preference to with many consumers. PG Company has used aggregation techniques to create large economies of scale. It has done this by constantly creating global operations. It has created several mini-branches and constantly rebranded its products to suit the preference of the consumers in the different countries. To illustrate this, PG branded its Vicks Cough syrup as VICK Miel in Mexico. When it extended to California and Texas, it branded the same product as Vicks Castro. It also subsidized its prices in California and Texas. This enabled most low-income earners in California and Texas to be able to afford the product. Lowering the prices also made most consumers to prefer the product. The Vick Miel was also an herbal product. Since many people, especially in California and Texas, loved natural products, they opted for this product. This gave the company a competitive edge making it achieve significant sales in the countries it operated in. the company also took its product to other markets where homeopathic cold drugs were popular. In these countries, most medicines have chemical ingredients, whereas, the PG product is made of honey which is a natural product. The trend in the market sector as well indicates that most American shoppers in future will buy this product, repackage it and sell it globally. This will boost the companys sales making it gain economies of scale. The last strategy that PG has used is arbitrage strategy. Many shoppers are buying the Vicks cough syrup packaging it and reselling it to other customers. This is an indirect way of outsourcing. The buyers who resell the product in a different unique package makes the selling indirectly for the company. According to Dobni (2011), this is an efficient method, makes the company spend less money in repackaging and rebranding. This also enlarges the supply chain of the product in diverse countries. The next company that uses the three strategies is the Coca-Cola Company. This company falls in the food and beverage industry. The Coca-Cola Company is known worldwide for manufacture and distribution of soft drinks. The company has used adaptation strategies by developing several branches and outlets worldwide. These branches mainly act as bottlers for the coca cola company. Some of the bottlers include; Coca-Cola European partners in the United Kingdom, Coca-Cola bottlers the Philippines, Coa-colaFEMSA in Mexico, Embotelladora Andina S.A in Chile and Coca-Cola Africa. By developing several branch bottlers, the company has been able to gain competitive advantage. The company has also used this method to compete with several companies including PEPSI Company (ken, 2015). Coca-Cola Company has used aggregation strategies. These strategies are geared towards gaining economies of scale. The company has exploited this method to not only achieve significant sales but also to create and manage regional and global operations. It has concentrated on the global network delivery. Several Coca-Cola bottlers exist in different countries. These bottlers, in turn, distribute their products both locally and countrywide. The Coca-Cola Company has several global centers some of which are in Africa, Asia, Australia Philippines, Chile and United Kingdom. It has regional centers in Atlanta, Georgia and several near shore centers. Another strategy that the company uses is arbitrage strategy. The company only produces syrup concentrate. The concentrate is then sold to its global and regional bottlers. The bottlers then dilute the syrup, bottle it and do the selling. This makes the company reduce the cost of operations such as bottling. The company also promote different programs like sports and entertainment. These programs benefit the company as they help in advertising. When the company promotes sports, it brands the sporting equipment with their name. This helps in advertising the company name and products (cheng, 2010). The next company that uses the three competitive strategies is The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). This company falls into the category of two industries. First, it falls in the computer industry as it manufactures and distributes computer soft wares and hardware. Secondly, it falls under information communication and technology industry. This is because of its major contributions in the technology environment such as the invention of Automated teller machines, floppy disk, the hard drive, the magnetic stripe card and SQL programming language. IBM Company has used the three competitive strategies conveniently. The first strategy being the adaptation strategy. This strategy has been employed by the company to gain competitive advantage (IBM, 2012). The company has formed over 170 branches worldwide. This has enabled it to sell its products to a larger market. The company uses this strategy to tap a global market. The company has also used advertising techniques to create awareness of its various products. This has been made possible through the use of media channels such as television channels, newspaper, and journals and through the internet and their website (IBM, 2013). The adaptive techniques used have ensured the company gain a stable local culture existence and hence, making it outstanding among several competing companies. The second strategy used by the IBM Company is the aggregation strategy. This strategy has enabled the company to derive economies of scale and gain global recognition. The company has continued to standardize the prices of its products making them more affordable. It has also hosted several consulting services in different areas like mainframe computers and nanotechnology. The company has also invented such machines as ATM machines, which are used worldwide. These inventions have seen people developing more interest in this endeavour making the sales level increase. The increase in the level of sales forms the main reason for the gain of economies of scale by this company. The last strategy used by this company is the arbitrage strategy. This technique has been used by the company through outsourcing of operations, developing of labor intensive groups and organizations, and separation of the supply chain in different countries (Shijia, 2014). The IBM Company has acquired several companies such as the weather company in 2016. In 2014 the company made plans to go fabless. This would see it offload the manufacturing activity to global founders. IT outsourcing has also been a major activity of this company (Salara, 2010). Alpha works, and SPSS are some of the companies that have benefited from the outsourcing practices of this company. These are some of the major ways the company uses to execute arbitrage strategy. The Acelor Mittal is another company that utilizes the three competitive strategies. This is a company that manufactures steel and steel products including heavy equipment and automotive. This company uses adaptation strategies to boost its revenue and shares in the market (Melodie, 2011). The company has developed branches in over 60 countries in the world. These branches market the same products making the company gain familiarity in the market. This has seen it maximize its local and international revenue. The company has also used the aggregation strategies to achieve economies of scale, create global markets and subsidize their products (Acelor, 2013). The company has developed a unique procurement strategy which is divided into three parts. The first one being the local procurement strategy. This strategy is carried out when dealing with local suppliers. The second strategy is a regional strategy which is used for regional suppliers, while the last strategy is the global strategy for international suppliers. The above procurement strategies have always offered the company great aggregation techniques making the company sell more and expand in the global market. The last strategy that the company has always used is the arbitrage strategy. This strategy has made the company able to exploit both the local and global markets at once (Parent, 2010). In 2008, the company outsourced its IT services to IT Companies in Western Europe, including; Satyam Computer services and Mind tree. This was a major arbitrage strategy as it enabled the company to locate different parts of its supply chains in several different places. The company has continued to utilize these three strategies to ensure it remains profitable, gains larger market shares and attain economies of scale altogether. In conclusion, it is apparent that companies must adopt competitive strategies so as to operate efficiently, compete fairly in the market and expand into the global market. All companies (Ghemawat, 2011)irrespective of the industry, strives to remain profitable, gain large market shares and achieve economies of scale. These will only be possible if they adopt the above three strategies. Although it would be difficult for accompany to combine and practice all there three strategies at once because of the leverage problems, most companies usually combine two of the strategies at once. By doing this, they always adopt the AA model, which can either be, adaptation and arbitrage or adaptation and aggregation model. These three strategies are relevant for every company that desires to grow into the global market. Reference Acelor, M., 2013. Csr Report, Paris: Acelor Mittal. Cheng, S. A. L. J., 2010. Invested Resource, Competitive Intellectual Capital, And Corporate Performance. Journal Of Intellectual Capital, 11(4), Pp. 433-450. Dobni, C., 2011. The Relationship Between Innovation Orientation And Organisational Performance. International Journal Of Innovation And Learning, 10(3), Pp. 226-240. Ghemawat, P., 2011. Redefining Global Strategy. Boston, USA: Havard Business School Press. Ibm, 2012. It Enabled Business Transformation At Ibm. Ibm Journal Of Research And Development, Decenber, 56(6), Pp. 1-20. Ibm, 2013. Mobile Computing And Ibm Power7 + Technologies. Journal Of Research And Development, 57(6), Pp. 1-2. Javernick, W., 2010. Who Needs To Know What?. Journal Of Construction And Engineering Management, 136(5), Pp. 546-557. Jose, A., 2010. Rethinking Global Economic And Social Development. Journal Of Globalization And Development, 1(1), Pp. 1-26. Ju, H. . J. K., 2011. Stratwgies For Developing Countries To Expand Their Shares In The Global Construction Market.. Journal Of Construction Engineering And Management., June, 137(6), Pp. 460-470. Ken, F., 2015. Diversify Or Focus?. Columbia: Columbia Business School. Kluyver, C. A., 2010. Fundamentals Of Global Strategy. New York, Usa: Business Expert Press. Melodie, C., 2011. How To Assess The Social Value Of Steel Product?. Product Environmental Footprint Guide, Issue 2, Pp. 63-65. Parent, J., 2010. Impact Assessment In Slca. International Journal, December, 15(2), Pp. 164-171. Rasha, A., 2013. Business Improvement Using Organisational Goals, Riva Technique And E-Business Development Stages. Journal Of Enterprise Information Management, 26(5), Pp. 577-595. Salara, R. E., 2010. Cultural Differences, Convergence And Crossvergence As Explanations Of Knowledge Transfer In International Acquisitions.. Journal Of International Business Studies., 41(8), Pp. 1365-1390. Shijia, Z. A. X. H., 2014. How Chinese "Snake" Swallows Western "Elephant". Journal Of International Business And Economy, 15(1), Pp. 23-50.

Traditions and Customs free essay sample

A huge theme in the story of Beowulf involves the traditions and customs of the people because characters are repeatedly asked to tell about themselves, always rewarded for sacrificing for the greater good, and constantly showing loyalty to their king or leader. When traveling to another land, the traveler is asked to state his name, family, home,and purpose. If something is done for the good of the king and the people, those warriors are rewarded with praise, treasures, and long-lasting relationships. In life and in death, the folk never fail to show loyalty and appreciation to their leader. Common traditions such as how folk from different lands approach and greet each other, how people display gratitude when something is done for them, and how the common people stay loyal and show appreciation to their leader are consistent throughout the poem. When someone journeys to another kingdom in this time period, they cannot do so without passing by a coastguard and stating who they are, where they are from, who their family is, and what is their purpose in coming to their land. We will write a custom essay sample on Traditions and Customs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As Beowulf begins his journey, he is asked multiple times to state those four things. The first time is when he and his crew arrive to their destination, the Danish land. A curious sea warden sees them dressed in armor and immediately travels to where the strangers are to ask, â€Å"Who are ye, then, ye armed men, mailed folk tell your folk and home, lest hence ye fare suspect to wander your way as spies in Danish land. † Beowulf then replies that they are followers of Hygelac from the land of the Geats, and â€Å"To folk afar was my father known,noble atheling, Ecgtheow named we on mickle errand, to the lord of the Danes.. † (Gummere, Ch. 4). With that along with much more said, the coastguard agrees to lead them to the king. After Beowulf and his clansmen pass through that guard, they are lead to the mead-hall to seek the Danish king, Hrothgar. Before they can enter to see the king, however, they have to answer to another warrior guarding the hall, Wulfgar. Beowulf then repeats what he said to the first guard, â€Å"Hygelacs, we,fellows at board; I am Beowulf named. I am seeking to say to the son of Healfdene this mission of mine.. (Gummere, Ch. 5). Wulfgar carries this message to Hrothgar who sends the warrior to bring Beowulf to him. Beowulf informs the king of his homeland, his king, and his mission to defeat the monster that is putting the Danes in such misery. Although the Danes are very curious and suspicious in the beginning, they, like many other folk, are extremely grateful and appreciative to anyone who offers and succeeds in helping them during a crisis. Before he even meets Beowulf, Hrothgar states that he hopes â€Å"to give the good youth gold for his gallant thought † (Gummere, Ch. 6). After Beowulf defeats Grendel, he is given much praise from the common folk and many treasures from both the king and the queen. Hrothgar promises to love and treat him as a son and that â€Å"thy fame shall endure through all the ages† (Gummere, Ch. 14). He also gives Beowulf â€Å" a gold-wove banner, broidered battle-flag, breastplate and helmet, and a splendid sword† (Gummere, Ch. 15) as well as a saddle covered in jewels that was valuable and important to him. The queen kindly greeted Beowulf and â€Å"Of wounden gold, she offered, to honor him, arm-jewels twain, corselet and rings, and of collars the noblest.. † (Gummere. Ch. 18). As more crisis came, more treasure and appreciation was given. After the defeat of Grendels mother, Hrothgar honored the Geats with a banquet, an even stronger friendship, and more wealth. He states that his â€Å"landfolk towards friend and foe are firmly joined, and honor they keep in the olden way.. † while rewarding Beowulf with â€Å"treasures twelve, and the trust-of-earls bade him fare with the gifts to his folk beloved.. † (Gummere, Ch. 26). The Danish were not alone with their custom of showing gratitude and rewarding treasures to heroes. Although the Danes had their troubles and heroes, the Geats also had their own. Hygelacs brother was killed in a battle between the Geats and the Swedes, and while they were still fighting, Hygelac was trying to get revenge. Two men, Eofor and Wulf, assisted in the killing of his brothers killer. Hygelac promised them wealth and gave them each huge masses of land and linked rings. He honored Eofor with â€Å"his only daughter in pledge of grace, the pride of his home † (Gummere, Ch. 39). Hidden inside all of this wealth, praise, and gratitude is another traditional characteristic frequently shown. While receivers of the good deeds are showing appreciation, the givers are displaying a tremendous amount of honor and loyalty throughout the poem. Some acts of loyalty are minor. For example, Beowulfs battle with Grendels mother took longer than expected. The Danes gave up on waiting for the warrior, despite the great amount of loyalty he had shown them, but his men stayed by his side and â€Å" sat on,stared at the surges,sick in heart, and wished, yet weened not, their winsome lord again to see. Another small loyal motion was made in the battle between Beowulf and the dragon. When the odds were in the dragons favor, all of his comrades ran for safety in the woods, â€Å"but the soul of one with care cumbered. Kinship true can never be marred in a noble mind.. † (Gummere, Ch. 33). Remembering the trust and honor his king had for his warriors, Wiglaf went in after his lord and ended up weakening the dragon and inspiring Beowulf so he could could kill the raging monster. After returning home from the Danish land, Beowulf showed a major motion of loyalty towards his king, Hygelac. He tells his lord of the treasures he was rewarded. Instead of keeping it all for himself, he says to Hygelac, â€Å"Now to thee, my prince, I proffer them all, gladly give them.. † (Gummere, Ch. 29). He even presents the necklace given to him by Hrothgars wife to his own queen, and â€Å"Thus showed his strain the son of Ecgtheow as a man remarked for mighty deeds and acts of honor.. † (Gummere, Ch. 29). Beowulf was always loyal to his uncle both as a warrior and a nephew, and in the end, that grand amount of honor and loyalty was given back by a dear friend and warrior of his. During his fight with the malicious dragon, Beowulf was bitten, and eventually that bite lead to the death of the great, honorable king of the Geats. In his dying wishes, Beowulf asked Wiglaf to look after the kingdom and build a statue in his memory so people can see it and remember what a great king he was. Wiglaf granted those wishes. He gathered a group of men ,and together they built a pyre and â€Å"hung it with helmets and harness of war and breastplates bright† (Gummere, Ch. 41) in honor of his success in the many battles he fought. Afterwards, they built Beowulfs Barrow and surrounded it with the treasures collected from the dragons cave. Lastly, a band of twelve warriors rode around the statue â€Å" to mourn their king, chant their dirge, and their cheftain honor.. † (Gummere, Ch. 41). All of these actions were taken out of nothing other than loyalty and honor. In conclusion, the theme traditions and customs was demonstrated endlessly in Beowulf because characters had to explain themselves when traveling to another land, were rewarded and gave rewards for good deeds, and expressed a marvelous amount of honor and loyalty for their leaders. Beowulf was asked several times to state his name, his family, where he came from, and his purpose for journeying away from his homeland. Beowulf as well as other characters accomplished various good deeds for the benefit of others earning themselves treasure, weapons, life-long relationships, land, loyalty, and a variety of other rewards. Enormous amounts of loyalty and honor were shown from kings, warriors, and common folk alike. The theme of traditions and customs plays an important role and stays consistent throughout the story of Beowulf.

Top 10 jobs for trade school graduates

Top 10 jobs for trade school graduates Your educational path post-high school should be one that works best for you. For some people, that’s a four-year degree (or beyond). But for many others, choosing a trade-specific education and building career skills that way is the most fulfilling and financially viable option. If you’re thinking about opting for a specialty trade school as you set your own professional goals, we have info on some of the top careers you can pursue without going the university route. 1. ElectricianElectricians install, maintain, and repair electrical wiring and equipment. The day-to-day work may involve installing, maintaining, and fixing wiring and electrical equipment, installing transformers and circuit breakers, using devices to diagnose electrical problems, reading blueprints, ensuring safety and compliance with national regulations, and ensuring that others are working safely with electrical devices, tools, and infrastructure.What you’ll need: Electricians typically serve a four-year apprenticeship in which they receive direct on-the-job training. This may be done in conjunction with an electrician training program at an accredited trade school, or right out of high school. Most states require electricians to be licensed, so be sure to check your own state’s requirements.How much they make: $52,570 per year, or $25.35 per hourThe career outlook: The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that the field will grow about 9% by 2024- about average for all jobs.2. PlumberPlumbing can be a dirty job, but someone has to do it, and that someone can build a lucrative career out of this specialty. Plumbers install and repair water pipes and septic systems. Their day-to-day work may include installing pipes and water fixtures, diagnosing and troubleshooting water-related issues, repairing or replacing water pipe systems, ensuring that plumbing systems are up to code, reading blueprints, and billing customers. This can be a very physically demanding job, as it also requires a lot of hands-on manual work and dexterity.Some plumbers are hired full-time by government agencies or private companies, but many are small business owners and contractors working on their own.What you’ll need: Plumbers typically serve an apprenticeship in which they receive direct on-the-job training. This may be done in conjunction with a plumber training program at an accredited trade school, or right out of high school. Most states require plumbers to be licensed, so be sure to check your own state’s requirements.How much they make: $51,450 per year, or $24.74 per hourThe career outlook: The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that the field will grow about 16% by 2024- much faster than average for all jobs.3. Dental HygienistAt a dental appointment, hygienists are the ones who handle prep for procedures, as well as clean teeth and treat minor dental health issues. (They’re also the ones who can tell immediately whether you’ re flossing as much as you say you do.) Their day-to-day responsibilities may include cleaning teeth, examining patients for signs of oral disease (like gingivitis), providing preventative dental care, assisting with dental surgeries and procedures, and educating patients on oral health and follow-up care. Most hygienists are employed by private dental offices, though they may be found in healthcare facilities that offer dental care.What you’ll need: An associate’s degree in dental hygiene from an accredited program (which generally takes two to three years to complete). And although every state requires dental hygienists to be licensed, the requirements to get and keep a license may vary, so check your state’s requirements.How much they make: $72,910 per year, or $35.05 per hourThe career outlook: The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that the field will grow about 20% by 2024- much faster than average for all jobs.4. Respiratory TherapistHealthcare field s are growing exponentially, and although many career paths in this field require an advanced degree, there are plenty of options that require trade-specific programs and certification to get started. One such field is respiratory therapy. These professionals work with patients of all ages who may have trouble breathing due to chronic respiratory conditions like asthma, heart conditions, or emphysema. Their day-to-day work may include examining patients, working with physicians and other medical staff to develop treatment plans, diagnosing conditions through tests, treating patients with therapy and medications, monitoring and recording patient process, and educating patients on at-home or follow-up care.Respiratory therapists typically work in hospitals, private medical offices, or other healthcare facilities. The job may require shifts on nights, weekends, or holidays, especially for therapists who work in hospitals or other facilities that are open all the time.What you’ll need: An associate’s degree in respiratory therapy from an accredited program. Respiratory therapists need to be licensed in all states except Alaska, so you should check your own state’s specific requirements for licensing.How much they make: $58,670 per year, or $28.21 per hourThe career outlook: The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that the field will grow about 23% by 2024- much faster than average for all jobs.5. Licensed Practical NurseLicensed practical nurses, or LPNs (also known as licensed vocational nurses) provide basic nursing care, under the direction of registered nurses and physicians. Their day-to-day work may include performing basic vital signs tests, changing bandages, inserting or removing catheters, helping patients with tasks like bathing or dressing, monitoring patients, and keeping detailed patient records.What you’ll need: A certificate from an LPN-specific program at an accredited school. All states require LPNs to be licensed and may have different regulations as to what an LPN can and cannot do on the job, so be sure to check your own state’s specific requirements.How much they make: $44,090 per year, or $21.20 per hourThe career outlook: The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that the field will grow about 12% by 2024- faster than average for all jobs.6. HVAC TechnicianWith cooling issues in summer and heating issues in winter, HVAC (Heating, Venting, and Air Conditioning) technicians are often in demand year-round. These professionals work on the systems that regulate air and temperature in buildings. Their day-to-day work may include installing heating or cooling equipment, diagnosing and fixing issues with air quality and temperature, installing electrical components and wiring, inspecting air systems, performing general maintenance on air systems, and ensuring compliance with air quality regulations.What you’ll need: A certificate from an HVAC-specific training program at an accr edited school, plus on-the-job training.How much they make: $45,910 per year, or $22.07 per hourThe career outlook: The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that the field will grow about 15% by 2024- much faster than average for all jobs.7. Diagnostic Medical SonographerDiagnostic medical sonographers use imaging equipment (like sonographs and ultrasound) to help diagnose or treat patients with internal injuries or conditions. Their day-to-day work may include preparing patients for testing, taking medical histories, educating patients about diagnostic imaging tests, preparing and maintaining diagnostic image equipment, operating diagnostic equipment, reviewing test results for accuracy, identifying normal and abnormal test results, analyzing the diagnostic results and providing them to physicians, and keeping detailed patient records.What you’ll need: An associate’s degree or a certificate from an accredited diagnostic medical sonography program. Although there ar e no state-specific licensing requirements, many employers prefer or require Registered Diagnostic Medical Sonographer (RDMS) professional certification.How much they make: $64,280 per year, or $30.90 per hourThe career outlook: The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that the field will grow about 17% by 2024- much faster than average for all jobs.8. Cardiovascular TechnologistSimilar to diagnostic medical sonographers, cardiovascular technologists use imaging equipment to diagnose and treat heart issues and conditions. Their day-to-day work may include performing tests like electrocardiograms, stress tests, and Holter monitoring to track cardiovascular health and activity, preparing and maintain the testing equipment, reviewing test results for accuracy, identifying normal and abnormal test results, analyzing the diagnostic results and providing them to physicians, and keeping detailed patient records.What you’ll need: An associate’s degree or a certificate from an accredited cardiovascular technologist program.How much they make: $64,280 per year, or $30.90 per hourThe career outlook: The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that the field will grow about 17% by 2024- much faster than average for all jobs.9. Truck DriverIf you really want a job that’s outside of the 9-to-5 world, truck driving is a field that literally leaves the office behind. Truck driving schools are becoming more popular, as logistics careers heat up in general. Truck drivers’ day-to-day work may include loading freight, inspecting and securing cargo, driving long distances to deliver goods or materials, performing vehicle maintenance, troubleshooting mechanical issues, and keeping detailed logs of their travels and deliveries.This is a job that requires long hours and the willingness to be away from home for extended periods of time. It also involves a lot of physical labor and stamina.What you’ll need: A commercial driver’s license (CDL ), with additional certifications if you’re interested in handling and transporting hazardous materials. Truck drivers may also need to complete a certificate from a professional truck-driving school.How much they make: $41,340 per year, or $19.87 per hourThe career outlook: The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that the field will grow about 6% by 2024- about average for all jobs.10. ParalegalParalegals are legal assistants who support attorneys, and it may surprise you to know that it’s not a job that requires law school, but rather a program in paralegal studies. Their day-to-day work may include maintaining and organizing files, doing legal research, gathering evidence and documents for attorneys, writing reports to help prepare attorneys for trials, drafting and reviewing legal correspondence, taking affidavits and other legal statements, filing briefs, and working with clients or witnesses to schedule appointments, interviews, or depositions.What youâ€℠¢ll need: An associate’s degree or a certificate from an accredited paralegal studies program.How much they make: $49,500 per year, or $23.80 per hourThe career outlook: The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that the field will grow about 15% by 2024- much faster than average for all jobs.If you’re thinking about taking the trade school route, there are â€Å"think outside the college box† options that can get you working in your field fairly quickly, without much of the debt and time investment of a more traditional four-year college education. Again, your career path should be what works for you and your goals, and there are lots of specific programs out there that can give you the exact education you need to get started.

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 7

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example The author also dissuaded the participants to minimize checking their emails to reduce stress but found that habits are hard to break. The approach of this writing used several rhetorical devices to make the article persuasive, convincing and easy to understand without losing its scientific approach. First, the article attempted to get the reader’s attention by engaging them with an emotion which is the province of pathos that they truly concerned about which is stress and how email relates to it. The article then proceeded in using logos when it stated the scientific method of having a controlled experiment to answer the question of the article. Controlled experiment meant having a set of subjects or participants under a controlled condition to test a certain hypothesis which in this case is that frequently opening mail is inimical to our well-being or causes stress. Ethos or the background of the authors helped the article to become credible. According to article, the author designed an experiment that would measure how checking email behavior influence people’s pressure and this used the rhetorical device of logos. In the study, the experimenters hired 124 adults which included students, professors, and I.T workers. They divided the participants into two groups at random. The experiment took several weeks involving several process. One of the methods employed in the experiment is to illustrate how emails affect the stress levels of participants. Half of the group can check their emails anytime and half of the group were only to open their mails three times day. The situation was reversed with the participants and after collecting the data to determine result, it yielded the same result that â€Å"cutting back on email might reduce stress as much as picture yourself swimming in the warm waters of a tropical island several times a day †(Gray 1). It has to be

BABSMD Medicine Program Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BABSMD Medicine Program - Personal Statement Example And I will be cheating myself, if I prefer to choose some simpler programs, thus depriving myself from taking up the challenge. Finally, another good reason for me to opt for this program is my belief in my capabilities. It won't be an exaggeration if I say that I am talented enough to succeed in this profession. For example, my SAT's will help in proving my assertions. I received a 2210 on my SAT. On my SAT-II I received a 750 in Chemistry, 750 in Biology, 760 in Physics, 800 in Math II and 800 in foreign language. I have taken 5 AP exams and 3 other APs this school year. My GPA was 4.0, with a top 10% ranking in the most competitive school in New York City. I have been named a semifinalist for the National Merit Scholarship as well. I had a dream to be a doctor since I was very young. When I was about four years old, I often insisted on accompanying my mother to her ward-round during the weekends or holidays, who was an attending oncologist in one of the best cancer centers in China. I was curious about why there were so many cancer patients over there. I was told that many types of cancers could be prevented if we quit smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol and stop eating unhealthy food, etc.

Econ103 end term paper Essay Example for Free

Econ103 end term paper Essay

Sir Rich Arkwright and the Water Frame Invention :: Biography Biographies Essays

Sir Rich Arkwright and the Water Frame Invention Sir Rich Arkwright was born on December 23, 1732 at Preston in the county of Lancaster. His first profession was a barber in Bolron-le-moors in 1760. Soon afterward he traveled throught the country buying human hair. At that time he had a valuable chemical secret for dying the hair to make wigs out of. Arkwright's hair was commented to be the finest hair in the country. In 1761, Richard Arkwright married Margaret Biggins, and this marriage brought him to an aquaitance with Thomas Highs. Highs was probably one of the most important people Arkwright was to ever meet. He was the inventor of the spinning jenny and the water frame. Highs was behind the mechanical production of both of these machines, however he could now market his product due to lack of funding and ill communication skills. This is where Richard Arkwright comes in. Arkwright was highly skilled in dealing with business and other social aspects. Arkwright sought to obtain the water frame by less than friendly means. He contacted John Kay, a former employee of Highs', to "turn brass" for him. This was all part of a clever plot to get Kay to reveal the design of Highs' water frame. Eventually, Arkwright succeded and Kay cunstructed a replica of the water frame, or otherwise known as throstle. Arkwright showed off the model to several people to seek financial aid. He eventually prevailed on Mr. Smalley to fund the project. In April of 1768 he hired Kay and took him along with him to Nottingham where he built a factory turned by horses. On July 3, 1769, he obtained a patent for "spinning by rollers." By doing this, he solidified his hold over the water frame preventing Highs from ever gaining the immense profits made by the water frame. In 1771, Arkwright built another factory in Cromford. The power for this factory was supplied by a water wheel instead of horses. During this time many improvements were made to shorten the process of spinning wool. Arkwright kept an eye on these improvements and eventually made a machine combining many of them into a series. These "engines," as he called them, were enough to take up another pattent on December 16, 1775. Improvements specified in the pattent were not invented by Arkwright but were actually

Within the Context of the Period 1895-1995?

Within the context of the period 1895-1995 to what extent were the anti-Semitic policies implemented by the right wing elites during the Vichy Regime from 1940-1944 a reflection of their popularity within France? To this day the period of French Occupation and the Vichy Regime remains one of the most contentious and sensitive in modern French history.After suffering a crushing military defeat to Germany in the summer of 1940 an armistice was signed and the country was divided: the northern half of France including the capital was occupied by the German forces and became the zone occupee and in the southern unoccupied zone, the zone libre, the ‘autonomous’ yet collaborationist government was set up in the town of Vichy headed by Marshal Philippe Petain. Petain’s government collaborated with the German forces in deportation of some 75,000 Jews who perished in Auschwitz . JJ) These 4 years in French history which have become known as the ‘Dark Years’ sti ll to this day weigh heavily on the French national conscience. Consequently in post-war France there was a widely shared desire to erase these years from French history. The French post-war leaders that had, for the most part, emerged from the Resistance attempted to erase Vichy from French history through not acknowledging the government as legitimate. De Gaulle refused announce ‘the restoration of the French Republic†¦ n the grounds that it had never ceased to exist. ’ De Gaulle had no need to encourage examination of this shameful period of French History and instead went about reinterpreting the Vichy years as the years of the Resistance. However this myth of the Resistance ignored many of the harsh and unfavourable realities of French life during the occupation. Robert Paxton’s Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order marked the first phase of study of Vichy and was written at a time when the Gaullist myth was being questioned and challenged.His historica l study somewhat dispelled the generally accepted and favourable view that Vichy’s collaboration was on the whole involuntary. In addition to this he set about instating Vichy into France’s wider historical context rather than allowing it to be viewed as an anomaly in France’s history. Another work contemporary to Paxton’s study was Marcel Ophuls’ The Sorrow and the Pity an unprecedentedly scathing depiction of the French people under Occupation. Both of these works challenged de Gaulle’s revised version of the French occupation and sought about to shed light on he true nature of the Vichy Regime and France under occupation. Paxton dispelled the view that Vichy collaboration was entirely involuntary and that the line between voluntary and involuntary collaboration ran between Laval and Petain. What this revealed is that the anti-Semitic views that the Vichy government pursued could not said to be fully enforced by the German occupiers. This gives rise to the debate to what extent were the policies followed by the Vichy regime actually their own or were they rather pursued out of necessity to maintain France’s sovereignty as Vichy sympathisers argued.Perhaps what was most abhorrent about the Paxton’s study to the French public was that he made the bold assertion that the nature of the Vichy regime and its policies could be assimilated into the wider French political culture which essentially is the suggestion that the anti-Semitism that proliferated under Vichy was not exclusively present in Vichy. Similarly Ophuls’ documentary suggests that the attitudes adopted by the French public presents a social culture where anti-Semitism was acceptable.However it must be acknowledged that whilst the abovementioned present a scathing unfavourable depiction of French social and political culture this by no means can be said to , as Julian Jackson writes: ‘The history of the Occupation should be written n ot in black and white, but in shades of grey. ’ (JJ) Jackson here comments the complexity of the period of Occupation and the Vichy regime itself whilst Vichy followed policies of anti-Semitism it set about protecting French Jews from the extremities of the German occupation.Whilst the public opinion can be described as attentiste indifference to the Jew’s fate didn’t mean the French public actively encouraged the persecution of the Jewish population. In considering the extent to which Vichy’s policies are a reflection of their popularity in France requires an appreciation of the inherently nuanced nature of the period. The debate between whether Vichy’s collaboration with Germany was voluntary or involuntary is important in forming a judgement on the motives behind the policies the regime implemented.It is noteworthy that both Laval and Petain believed that Germany had won the war and the British would soon surrender. This gave rise three distinct motives behind voluntary collaboration; politico-administrative, politico-diplomatic and the alleviation of the impact caused by the Armistice on daily life. Despite the fact that in theory the Vichy administration was in control of the Occupied Zone this control was very much subjected to German regulation.By actively collaborating with the Germans Vichy leaders hoped to maintain this balance of German intervention in the administration of the country fearing that not being forthcoming with collaboration would encourage further loss of Vichy autonomy. The politico- diplomatic motive was based on the assumption that the Germans had won the war and set about creating an environment for favourable peace treaty negotiations with the victorious axis powers.There had already been portentous signs of the division of France in the Occupied Zone; for example, ‘The two departments of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais were attached to the German military command in Brussels. ’ (JJ) Thi s was to prepare for the British invasion however once this was called off the refugees that had been removed from the area were not returned and instead their properties were being prepared to be handed over to German settlers.If this was to be the case then it was essential for there to be goodwill between Vichy and the Germans in order to ensure favourable terms in the, believed to be, imminent treaty. Much of these considerations harkened back to the German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine after French defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. The third consideration behind collaboration was to limit the effects of the armistice on the daily lives of French people by being cooperative in other terms of the armistice the French had hoped to limit some of the other strands of the agreement that had become increasingly burdensome.For example, the financial strains being placed on France by the German war effort had been increasingly problematic. These motives exonerate Vichy from the stigma associated with a policy of collaborationism as they present a concerted desire to preserve French interests. However, whilst these were overarching intentions behind collaboration by becoming actively involved in appeasing the Germans Vichy began down the slippery slope of complicity that would eventually lead to the extremes of collaboration.For example, Theodor Dannecker’s radicalisation of anti-Semitic policy in the Occupied Zone meant in order for Vichy to ‘preserve nominal sovereignty’ (JJ) Vichy had to follow suit and this essentially involved carrying out the anti-Semitic policy of the Germans. One can argue that Vichy’s complicity in the most extreme anti-Semitic policy was not motivated by its anti-Semitism but more the logic of their collaboration policy. Whilst Vichy made anti-Semitic policy one of its initial concerns what is clear is that, to some extent, it was necessitated by the German occupation.Viewing the Occupation from a conte mporary perspective can be problematic especially when it comes to assessing Vichy in terms of its anti-Semitic policy as the treatment of the Jews becomes the dominating factor of the Occupation. However, in order to gain a true appreciation of the Occupation one must contend with the fact that the anti-Semitic policy pursued by the Vichy elites was but a facet of the regime’s policy and its concerns. Nevertheless, this is not to say that Vichy did not have its own autonomous and indigenous anti-Semitic policies.The degree of enthusiasm in which Vichy administrators pursued anti-Semitic policy varies however within the Vichy government many anti-Semites were active who acted out of a very much French interpretation of the ‘Jewish Problem’. Xavier Vallat, a Catholic and former member of the extremist right wing group Action Francaise and head Commissariat-General for Jewish Questions from 1941-1942 ( CGQJ), remained during his trial before the High court of Justi ce in December 1947 unrepentantly anti-Semitic.In fact he used his anti-Semitism as a defence claiming that he cannot be accused of collaborating with the French ‘since his ant-Semitism was authentically French†¦ ’ (JJ) However contradictory this may seem as a defence it sheds light on an important reality: the crime anti-Semitism was seen as less of a crime than voluntary collaboration. This reality vindicates Vallat’s claim of his indigenous anti-Semitism; his willingness to concede his own anti-Semitism is an attempt to normalise it and thus is revealed an attitude that propagated in right-wing political culture.When one considers Vallat himself was a former member of right wing group Action Francaise that was borne out of the Dreyfus Affair (1894-1906), in which an innocent Jewish officer was accused of treason having been framed by the military that coalesced with other institutions of the right. We see that this attitude is one that has existed within the political culture of the right within France, one that predates Vichy and perhaps more significantly postdates Vichy. What’s more is that Vallat himself was removed by Laval in April 1942 for is all too evident dislike of the German occupiers.Vallat was both a passionate anti-Semite and an ardent nationalist what can be garnered from this is that whilst Vichy followed a policy of anti-Semitism this was not done in order to maintain the terms of collaboration with the occupiers rather we see that Vichy’s autonomous Jewish policy irrefutably has roots in French anti-Semitism. John Sweets argues that: ‘Vichy attention had been turned to the Jews from the first months of the regime’s existence’. Several examples of Vichy anti-Semitic legislation corroborate this view.The Jewish Statute issued in 1940 imposed by the Vichy administration were the beginning of a web of legislation that would deprive Jewish citizens of the right to hold public office, m ake them a lower class and eventually denaturalise them. It is noteworthy that this statute was not imposed by the Germans. What’s more is that an ordinance passed by the Germans in September 1940 defining the criterion of being Jewish was extended by Vichy to make more Jewish people susceptible to the anti-Semitic policies in work by both the German and the French.This lead to Dannecker ordering ‘the wider definition of Jewishness to be used in preference to the slightly more restrictive German one. ’ There are several examples of the Vichy administrators going beyond the demands of the occupiers in Jewish policy what this reveals is a truly independent desire to address the aforementioned French interpretation of the ‘Jewish problem’ . During the years of the occupation the Jews in France became caught between two, not entirely separate but distinct nonetheless, projects of anti-Semitism.The defining dichotomy of the occupation is ‘collaborat ion’ and ‘resistance’ this seemingly clear contrast however neglects the complexity of the period. One may assume that being a part of the Resistance entails being opposed to the existence and policy of the Vichy regime; however, this was not always the case. Among those in the Resistance were those who supported Petain and the anti-Semitic policies as well as the contrary.In debating whether Vichy attitudes reflected wider French attitudes the stance of the Resistance form a counterpoint; what we see in particular regarding anti-Semitism the lines between Vichy and the Resistance are quite obscure. There was ambivalence towards the plight of the Jews present in Resistance. One respondent to a questionnaire, drafted in October 1943, to evaluate the political attitudes of the Resistance desired all Jews to be ‘kept out of all governmental and public functions’; another ‘the relegation of all Jews, Freemasons†¦ nd former politicians. â€℠¢ However, one must not overstate the similarities between the Resistance and Vichy, they differed on fundamental lines; The Resistance did in fact come to actively oppose Vichy anti-Semitism. However, what is important is that even among the Resistance there was conceived to be a ‘Jewish problem’ whilst they opposed Vichy’s methods the roots of anti-Semitism are visible even amongst those who opposed it in Occupied France.This common ground between those considered collaborationists and members of the Resistance created a state in France where one could move into the Resistance without making any ‘fundamental ideological adjustments. ’ This is characterised by Francois Mitterand, who was to later become president of the 5TH republic, who joined the Resistance after being a prominent Petainist. What we witness is that the principals of the Vichy regime were present in that of its opposition. This reality presents the fact that the Vichy regime cannot be viewed as an anomalous French government.Whilst Vichy and the Resistance oppose each other fundamentally the similarities between these two distinct bodies reveal that in fact Vichy can be assimilated in terms of its ideals into a wider French political culture. However in order to make this assumption the nature of the Vichy regime itself must be assessed. The nature of Petain’s regime was authoritarian Julian Jackson comments that ‘Vichy functioned like a court†¦ At the centre of the court was Petain. ’ Petain was Head of state and had the power to appoint and sack ministers at will.Indeed the Vichy regime was as turbulent as the Third Republic with there being ministerial reshuffles frequently. Vichy did not view itself as a stop-gap French government the occupation of France and the armistice offered France a historic opportunity for political change. Paxton makes the assertion that: ‘the excitement aroused’ at the introduction of this N ational Revolution serves as evidence that Vichy was no mere caretaker regime but rather that there was general dissatisfaction at the state of the Republic pre second World War and as aforementioned politicians.The National Revolution ‘defined itself†¦ in opposition to liberal individualism which uprooted people from the ‘natural’ communities of family, workplace and religion. ’ Vichy also embarked on a programme of moral regeneration for France hoping to rid France of its undesirables (mainly Jews, Freemasons and Communists). Vichy also established a personality cult around Petain this involved portraits of the Marshal were commissioned to be placed in municipal buildings in the unoccupied zone. One can trace lineage from the style and nature of the Vichy regime from Daladier’s Republic that precedes Vichy.The authoritarian style of Daladier is reflected in Petain’s position as Vichy Premier not only that but Daladier’s rhetoric of family values, the role of religion and moral regeneration are remarkably similar to the stance taken by Petain, this continuity of the mantras of these two government go some way to disprove the post-war myth that Vichy was a reactionary clique. Elements of the Vichy style of government would even postdate the regime in the Fifth Republic under de Gaulle. He too believed, like Petain and the Vichy elites, that the former structure of the French Republic was ineffective. e Gaulle’s revision to the constitution empowered him and created a more stable but undoubtedly more authoritarian state. Paxton and Marrus make the assertion that: ‘The government of Petain did not invent the anti-Jewish programme†¦ Every element of this program was present in the years preceding the fall of the Third Republic. ’ The wave of anti-Semitism that surged with the arrival of the Vichy regime cannot simply attributed to the anti-Jewish sentiments that erupted in the 30’ s due to the social and economic issues of the great depression and in the late 30’s the fears of a 2nd world war.Anti-Jewish sentiments were an undercurrent in French political and social culture, a volatile force that at sometimes would be restrained by some ‘external pressure’ but other times could burst out after having amalgamated with economic or social hardship. For example, the dormancy of anti-Semitism can be attributed to the fact that many French Jews fought and died in the 2nd world war and the third tenet of the French national motto is fraternite. As Maurras described this sense of brotherhood led to a ‘semi-tolerance’ of the Jews at the time.However in the 30’s during a time of economic contraction, high unemployment and hardship who more vulnerable a target for blame than the foreigners and Jews? What became central to anti-Jewish sentiment during the 30s a growing obsession with the shortcomings of France. With the sense of in security of the 30’s Jews became a symbol and cause of this ‘terrible French inadequacy’ a phrase coined by a contemporary French novelist. This is what allowed anti-Semitic feeling to permeate the sensibilities of the ‘average’ Frenchman.Similarly the rhetoric of anti-Semitism had become so imbued in the French lexis that one even if speaking against anti-Semitism would speak in a way that would jar modern sensibilities. Anti-Semitism was imbued in France in a way permeated all facets of existence. It is noteworthy that Paxton’s seemingly harsh depiction of this historical track of French anti-Semitism is influenced by the time in which he produced his history. Writing in the 70’s he set about to dispel the Gaullist myth that had been largely accepted by the French public that allowed Vichy to detached from French social and political history/ culture.Paxton’s assertion however does not ignore some shocking realities take for ex ample that some 30 years after the Dreyfus affair a production of the play in Paris was broken up by right-wing toughs. Despite the fact that Vichy collaborators contributed to the genocide of European Jewish population whilst anti-Jewish sentiments were assuaged as Paxton argues they are an undercurrent ever –present in French society. Even among who formed the government in the wake of Vichy still possessed this anti-Semitism.Radical Pierre Mendes France PM of the 5th Republic between 1954-55 was forced to resign as his Jewish background made him unpopular with his contemporaries. Not only this but right-wing movements formed in the post-war period the right wing Poujadist movement that was opposed to industrialisation undermining France’s rural wholesome values- remarkably similar to Vichy ethics. However this attitude was not simply preserved among the cliques of right-wing it is noteworthy that Jean Marie Le Pen of the right-wing National Front Party forced a seco nd round of voting in the Presidential election of 2002 having obtained 16. 6% of voting in the first round. Not only do we see a revival of anti-Semitic right wing cliques but as late as 2002 we see genuine support for these movements in France. The simple assertion can be made that if France had not been somewhat accustomed to a political and social culture of anti-Semitism the policies enacted by the Vichy regime surely would have been abhorrent to the French public and caused general outrage. However in assessing the response of the French public the different stances of the French is an important consideration as well as the main concerns facing the population at the time.The prevailing attitudes towards the Jewish people at the start of the period were that of attentisme, indifference and hostility. The French public, on a personal level, had more serious concerns to contend with life in Occupied France was made much more difficult by the fact and many French people sought to look after their own interests therefore the plight of the Jewish people became an occurrence that was largely ignored between 1940-1942. However Julian Jackson makes the distinction that: ‘Indifference to the fate of the Jews was not the same as non- involvement in it. This was the case as ‘The application of the both Statutes drew people into complicity with anti-Semitism’. Whilst the politicians drafted the measures that would put Jewish quotas in their professions and exclude Jewish teachers the people who ran these professional organisations were made complicit in the anti-Semitism by exacting these measures. Indeed the smoothness in the way in which the Statutes were implemented gives evidence to the disregard of the French people to the unethical nature of the policy.However it is difficult to determine whether the indifference to the plight of the Jews was indeed ‘enough to characterise the attitude of the French population as one of active anti-Semi tism’ or whether the attitudes of the French public towards the Jewish population were a result of the need to protect one’s own interests during the Occupation or perhaps is it too scathing to the French public to describe them as ‘active’ in the anti-Semitism? In some cases, the French public acted to reinforce the opinion that they were active in anti-Semitism.In the South of France the exodus of Jews escaping the seemingly more threatening German Occupied Zone encouraged feelings of resentment and, for example, in Nice anti-Semitic incidents frequented. In there was a contrast between Jewish perception of attitudes towards them between the two zones; A Jewish observer commented at this time about the free zone: ‘here we can still move around freely and don’t fear arrest at any moment. But as for the attitude of the French one feels more at home in the Occupied Zone. This serves as evidence that in the unoccupied zone of France there were s entiments of active anti-Semitism present in that the Jewish population were subject of resentment and hostility. However, the reaction towards the Jewish population somewhat changed when the policy transitioned into deportation of the Jews. Sweets charts public reaction to the plight of the Jews as: ‘At first indifferent, insensitive†¦ and then hostile to government policy as life became increasingly precarious for the Jews with each new action against them. Whilst there was an eventual turning point in public opinion regarding the fate of the Jews it seems that the French public were willing to witness the destabilisation of the Jews within France that saw them humiliated and sectioned aside from the rest of French society but drew the line where manifestations of this destabilisation became physical i. e. having to witness babies being torn apart from mothers who are being arrested for deportation to an internment camp.Whilst a formal and somewhat discreet destabilisat ion of Jewish presence in France had been tolerable the visible sight of this seemed to be unpalatable to the French public. What becomes evident in the enacting of Vichy’s anti-Semitic policy is that it was extremely reliant on public approval. The ease of which Vichy was able to establish anti-Jewish legislation was reliant on the complicity of the French people who did not have the interests of the Jewish people at the forefront during the German occupation.However, we see that one this consensus had been broken in 1942 come to the implementation of the Final Solution Vichy policy loses effectiveness as it is undermined by civil society. We witness that the French population despite being complicit largely did in fact have a great deal of influence over the policy of Vichy. Vichy France and the German occupation has and will continue to be a contentious issue in French history.Whilst it is irrefutable that German influence in the occupation had an influence in bringing abo ut the anti-Semitic policy that proliferated under Vichy it is clear that Vichy had its own indigenous roots of anti-Semitism that almost provided this government with a historical inclination to act in the way it did. The complexity of the period disallows any sweeping judgement of the period however, an acknowledgement of the influence of German factors and an understanding of France’s own historical potential for the anti-Semitic policies allow for a nuanced appreciation of the period.Bibliography Jackson, Julian. ‘France the Dark Years 1940-1944’. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Paxton, Robert. ‘Vichy France Old Guard ad New Order’. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. Sweets, John. ‘Choices in Vichy France’. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Marrus, Michael and Paxton, Robert. ‘Vichy France and the Jews’. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1981. Vinen, Richard. ‘The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation’ London: Penguin Books, 2007. http://www. wikepedia. com

E-Commerce Its Development and Future Perspectives

E-COMMERCE: ITS DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES E-COMMERCE Manzoor and Amir defined E-commerce as the buying and selling of goods and services via electronic means such as the internet. The e-commerce is generally efficient due to its availability throughout where the buyers meet the sellers online. Some services rendered to customers via e-commerce service include: automated data collection systems, mobile commerce, supply chain management, electronic data interchange, online transaction processing, electronic funds transfer, internet marketing. This service is more dependent on the Worldwide Web for its transactions apart from the technologies like the social media, mobile devices telephones and e-mails. E-commerce generally called electronic commerce is an aspect of e-business which encompasses the exchange of data to enhance payment and financing transactions related to business activities. 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